Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), is a medical condition in which the stomach’s acidic contents flow back into the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Normally, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) acts as a barrier to prevent the contents of the stomach from flowing back up into the esophagus. However, in some cases, the LES does not close properly, allowing the acidic contents of the stomach to flow up into the esophagus, causing discomfort and damage to the esophageal lining.
Symptoms of acid reflux can include heartburn, regurgitation of acid or food, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and a chronic cough. Risk factors for acid reflux include being overweight, smoking, consuming certain foods and drinks (such as coffee, alcohol, and spicy or fatty foods), and pregnancy.
Treatment for acid reflux typically involves lifestyle modifications such as avoiding trigger foods and losing weight, as well as taking medication to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach or to help the LES function properly. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the LES or to create a new barrier to prevent reflux. Untreated acid reflux can lead to complications such as esophagitis, ulcers, and a condition called Barrett’s esophagus, which increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
