Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a medical condition in which the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood. This results in a buildup of toxins and electrolytes in the body that can cause serious complications.
There are three types of acute renal failure: prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal. Prerenal AKI occurs when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, often due to low blood pressure or dehydration. Intrinsic renal AKI is caused by damage to the kidneys themselves, such as from an infection, inflammation, or medication toxicity. Postrenal AKI occurs when there is an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents the flow of urine from the kidneys.
Symptoms of acute renal failure can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include decreased urine output, fluid retention, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, AKI can lead to life-threatening complications such as pulmonary edema, seizures, and coma.
Diagnosis of acute renal failure involves a physical exam, blood and urine tests, and imaging studies such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include supportive care such as IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, and medication to manage symptoms. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove excess waste products from the blood.
Prevention of acute renal failure involves maintaining good overall health and managing any underlying conditions that may increase the risk of developing AKI, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. It is important to stay hydrated and avoid exposure to toxins that can damage the kidneys.
