Pathological Anatomy

Ventricular septal defect represents the most common congenital heart defect, affecting approximately 2-6 per 1000 live births. This condition involves an abnormal opening in the ventricular septum, allowing blood flow between the right and left ventricles, which can lead to significant hemodynamic consequences if left untreated.

The prostate gland, an integral component of the male reproductive system, can develop malignant tumors that significantly impact urological health. This comprehensive guide examines prostate cancer's anatomical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities, providing essential information for medical professionals and students in understanding this prevalent male cancer.

The human skull comprises multiple bones connected by fibrous joints called sutures. These sutures serve as vital growth centers during early development. In craniosynostosis, premature fusion of one or more sutures restricts normal skull growth, forcing compensatory growth in unrestricted areas.

Explore the complex patterns of referred pain from internal organs and their cutaneous manifestations. This comprehensive guide maps the relationship between visceral pathology and surface pain patterns, essential knowledge for clinical diagnosis and patient care.

The spine represents a complex structure where various pathological changes can significantly impact patient quality of life. Understanding the progression from normal disc anatomy to various pathological states is crucial for healthcare providers in diagnosing and treating spinal conditions effectively.

This medical illustration compares normal prostate anatomy with pathological changes in prostate cancer. The diagram demonstrates key structural alterations affecting both glandular tissue and urethral patency.

This medical illustration contrasts normal gastric anatomy with pathological changes observed in gastritis. The diagram emphasizes structural alterations affecting various layers of the stomach wall and associated complications.

This medical illustration compares normal oropharyngeal anatomy with pathological changes observed in acute tonsillitis. The diagram highlights key anatomical structures and inflammatory manifestations affecting the tonsillar region.

Nasal polyps represent a significant medical condition affecting the nasal cavity and sinuses, causing various breathing and health complications. This detailed anatomical illustration presents both a frontal view and a cross-sectional representation of the nasal cavity, highlighting the location and impact of nasal polyps along with important surrounding structures. The diagram serves as an essential educational tool for both medical professionals and patients to understand the condition better.

This medical illustration depicts three primary types of stroke: atherosclerotic, hemorrhagic, and ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Each diagram demonstrates distinct pathophysiological mechanisms leading to brain tissue damage through different vascular complications.

This detailed medical illustration demonstrates the anatomical structures involved in asthma and the progressive changes that occur in the airways during an asthmatic response.

This educational illustration demonstrates the progressive stages of atherosclerosis alongside a detailed view of the human heart. The diagram effectively shows how this cardiovascular disease develops over time, from normal arterial function to severe blockage, while also depicting its potential impact on the heart. The color-coded illustration makes it easy to understand the progression of this serious cardiovascular condition.

Atherosclerosis is a serious cardiovascular condition that affects the heart's blood vessels, potentially leading to severe health complications. This detailed illustration demonstrates the progression of atherosclerotic disease, from healthy arteries to various stages of vessel damage, along with treatment interventions like stenting. The image provides a clear visual representation of how this disease impacts coronary arteries and the heart muscle.