anatomical reference points

The sternum, or breastbone, serves as a central anchor point for the thoracic skeleton, providing crucial protection for vital organs and attachment sites for major muscles and ligaments. This flat bone consists of three distinct components and multiple anatomical landmarks that are essential for clinical examination and surgical procedures. Understanding its detailed anterior anatomy is fundamental for medical professionals in fields ranging from cardiothoracic surgery to emergency medicine.

This comprehensive anatomical illustration presents a detailed cross-sectional view of the human heart, showcasing its complex network of chambers, valves, and blood vessels. The diagram employs a clear color-coding system - red for oxygen-rich blood and blue for deoxygenated blood - while providing specific directional information about blood flow throughout the cardiac system.