clinical practice

The shoulder complex represents one of the most intricate and functionally diverse joints in the human body. The scapula serves as a crucial cornerstone of shoulder function, providing both mobility and stability through its unique anatomical features and muscular attachments. Understanding the detailed anatomy of the shoulder and scapula is essential for medical professionals involved in diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of shoulder pathologies.

The upper extremity represents a complex arrangement of bones and joints that enable precise movements essential for daily activities. The forearm bones, particularly the ulna and radius, work in concert with the humerus and hand bones to provide both stability and mobility. Understanding their anatomical relationships is crucial for medical professionals in orthopedics, sports medicine, and rehabilitation.

The sacrum and coccyx form the terminal segments of the vertebral column, playing crucial roles in weight transmission and pelvic stability. These fused vertebral elements provide attachment points for important ligaments and muscles while protecting the terminal portions of the spinal cord and nerve roots. Their anatomical features are essential knowledge for healthcare providers dealing with lower back pain, obstetrics, and pelvic disorders.